Hamming distance

Hamming distance counts differing positions between equal-length strings.

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Error correction bounds
Minimum distance d permits correcting up to floor((d-1)/2) arbitrary symbol errors.
Linear codes
Codewords forming a finite-field vector subspace enable algebraic encoding and decoding.
Probability
A probability measure assigns nonnegative weights to events, with total weight one and countable additivity on disjoint events.
Source coding
Source coding represents messages efficiently, with entropy constraining lossless average code length.
Channel capacity
Capacity bounds achievable reliable information rates for a specified channel model.