How can we intuitively understand a normal subgroup using diagrams?

A normal subgroup (also called an invariant subgroup) is a subgroup H of a group G such that all conjugates of every element in H belong to H. Algebraically, this condition is expressed as $gHg^{-1} = H$ for any element $g$ in G.

Conditions: H is a subgroup of G; The condition must hold for all elements in H; The condition must hold for all elements g in G

In the context of group theory, $gH$ represents the left coset of the subgroup H with respect to the element g, while $Hg$ represents the right coset of H with respect to g. For a normal subgroup, these two sets are identical.

Conditions: H is a subgroup of G; g is an element of the group G

A normal subgroup satisfies $gH = Hg$ because its defining property is that it is invariant under conjugation, meaning $gHg^{-1} = H$. By right-multiplying both sides of this equation by $g$, the $g^{-1}$ and $g$ cancel out, yielding the equality of the left coset $gH$ and the right coset $Hg$.

Conditions: H is a normal subgroup of G; g is an element of the group G

No, replacing the representative element g with another element g' from the same coset does not yield a different coset. If g' belongs to the same coset as g (i.e., $g' \in gH$), then the coset generated by g' is identical to the coset generated by g ($g'H = gH$).

Conditions: g and g' are both elements of the group G; g' and g belong to the same coset

We can traverse all elements of a group G by constructing cosets using a subgroup H. By multiplying every element g in G with the subgroup H (forming left cosets gH or right cosets Hg), the union of all distinct cosets covers every element of G exactly once.

Conditions: G is a group; H is a subgroup of G