What is the formula for the orthogonal projection of a vector y onto a line spanned by a nonzero vector v?

First, find the residual by subtracting the projection $(8,4)$ from $y=(7,6)$, resulting in $(-1,2)$. Then, compute the dot product of the projection $(8,4)$ and the residual $(-1,2)$.

Conditions: $y = (7,6)$; Projection is $(8,4)$; Residual is $(-1,2)$

The residual vector is defined as $y$ minus its projection onto the line spanned by $v$. By the geometric definition of orthogonal projection, the difference between a vector and its projection onto a subspace is orthogonal to that subspace.

Conditions: $v$ is a nonzero vector.; The projection is orthogonal.

First, calculate the dot products $y \cdot u = 20$ and $u \cdot u = 5$. The scalar coefficient is $20/5 = 4$.

Conditions: $y = (7,6)$; $u = (2,1)$

Calculate the projection $p$ of $y$ onto a line spanned by $v$. Calculate the residual $r = y - p$.

Conditions: $v$ is a nonzero vector defining the line.; $y$ is the vector to be decomposed.