What would you like to understand?

The differenced series $z_t$ is defined as the difference between the next value of the original series and the current value. Mathematically, it is expressed as $z_t = q_{t+1} - q_t$.

Conditions: The original series is indexed by time $t$.; The values represent observations at discrete time points (e.g., months).

The differenced series $z_t$ is defined as the difference between the next value of the original series and the current value. Mathematically, it is expressed as $z_t = q_{t+1} - q_t$.

Conditions: The original series is indexed by time $t$.; The values represent observations at discrete time points (e.g., months).