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The differential impedance is calculated as twice the odd-mode impedance. This relationship holds when the differential pair is driven in odd mode, meaning the two lines are driven by opposite voltages.

Conditions: The differential pair is driven in odd mode (opposite polarity voltages).; $Z_{odd}$ denotes the characteristic impedance of a single trace under odd-mode excitation.

The differential impedance is calculated as twice the odd-mode impedance. This relationship holds when the differential pair is driven in odd mode, meaning the two lines are driven by opposite voltages.

Conditions: The differential pair is driven in odd mode (opposite polarity voltages).; $Z_{odd}$ denotes the characteristic impedance of a single trace under odd-mode excitation.

The common-mode impedance is calculated as one-half of the even-mode impedance. This relationship holds when the differential pair is driven in even mode, meaning both lines are driven by identical voltages.

Conditions: The differential pair is driven in even mode (identical polarity voltages).; $Z_{even}$ denotes the characteristic impedance of a single trace under even-mode excitation.

The common-mode impedance is calculated as one-half of the even-mode impedance. This relationship holds when the differential pair is driven in even mode, meaning both lines are driven by identical voltages.

Conditions: The differential pair is driven in even mode (identical polarity voltages).; $Z_{even}$ denotes the characteristic impedance of a single trace under even-mode excitation.