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Uppercase letters (like $N$) denote the random variable itself, which is a function or rule before observation. Lowercase letters (like $n$) denote a specific realized value or observation of that variable after the experiment is conducted.

Conditions: The context involves probability notation.; Distinguishing between the theoretical variable and empirical data.

Uppercase letters (like $N$) denote the random variable itself, which is a function or rule before observation. Lowercase letters (like $n$) denote a specific realized value or observation of that variable after the experiment is conducted.

Conditions: The context involves probability notation.; Distinguishing between the theoretical variable and empirical data.