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For a smooth manifold $M$ over a field $F$, the cotangent space at $p$ is defined as $\operatorname{Hom}(T_pM, F)$. The earlier $\mathbb{R}^n$ example is recovered by taking $M = \mathbb{R}^n$ and $F = \mathbb{R}$.

Conditions: $M$ is a smooth manifold.; $F$ is the field over which the manifold is considered.

For a smooth manifold $M$ over a field $F$, the cotangent space at $p$ is defined as $\operatorname{Hom}(T_pM, F)$. The earlier $\mathbb{R}^n$ example is recovered by taking $M = \mathbb{R}^n$ and $F = \mathbb{R}$.

Conditions: $M$ is a smooth manifold.; $F$ is the field over which the manifold is considered.