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Standardization (or Z-score normalization) is a linear transformation that centers the data around zero and scales it to have a standard deviation of one. It subtracts the mean of the feature from each data point and divides by the standard deviation.

Conditions: Applied to a continuous numerical feature.; Requires knowing the mean and standard deviation of the feature.; The standard deviation must not be zero (to avoid division by zero).

Standardization (or Z-score normalization) is a linear transformation that centers the data around zero and scales it to have a standard deviation of one. It subtracts the mean of the feature from each data point and divides by the standard deviation.

Conditions: Applied to a continuous numerical feature.; Requires knowing the mean and standard deviation of the feature.; The standard deviation must not be zero (to avoid division by zero).

Standardization transforms a feature value $x$ into $z = \frac{x - \mu}{\sigma}$, targeting a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1 for the transformed feature.

Conditions: Applied per numerical feature.; Uses the feature mean $\mu$ and standard deviation $\sigma$.; Assumes $\sigma > 0$.

Standardization transforms a feature value $x$ into $z = \frac{x - \mu}{\sigma}$, targeting a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1 for the transformed feature.

Conditions: Applied per numerical feature.; Uses the feature mean $\mu$ and standard deviation $\sigma$.; Assumes $\sigma > 0$.

Min-max normalization transforms a feature value $X$ into $X_{\text{norm}} = \frac{X - X_{\min}}{X_{\max} - X_{\min}}$, mapping the feature's observed range onto the interval $[0, 1]$.

Conditions: Applied per numerical feature.; Requires a finite minimum $X_{\min}$ and maximum $X_{\max}$ for the feature.; Assumes $X_{\max} \neq X_{min}$ to avoid division by zero.

Min-max normalization transforms a feature value $X$ into $X_{\text{norm}} = \frac{X - X_{\min}}{X_{\max} - X_{\min}}$, mapping the feature's observed range onto the interval $[0, 1]$.

Conditions: Applied per numerical feature.; Requires a finite minimum $X_{\min}$ and maximum $X_{\max}$ for the feature.; Assumes $X_{\max} \neq X_{min}$ to avoid division by zero.

The least squares cost function measures the average squared difference between the predicted values (based on the model parameters and features) and the actual target values. It is commonly used in linear regression to evaluate model performance.

Conditions: Used for regression problems where the goal is to predict a continuous value.; Assumes a linear relationship between the features and the target variable.

The least squares cost function measures the average squared difference between the predicted values (based on the model parameters and features) and the actual target values. It is commonly used in linear regression to evaluate model performance.

Conditions: Used for regression problems where the goal is to predict a continuous value.; Assumes a linear relationship between the features and the target variable.

Min-max normalization is a linear transformation that scales the raw feature values to a fixed range, typically [0, 1]. It subtracts the minimum value of the feature from each data point and then divides by the range (maximum minus minimum).

Conditions: Applied to a continuous numerical feature.; Requires knowing the minimum and maximum values of the feature.; The maximum and minimum values must not be equal (to avoid division by zero).

Min-max normalization is a linear transformation that scales the raw feature values to a fixed range, typically [0, 1]. It subtracts the minimum value of the feature from each data point and then divides by the range (maximum minus minimum).

Conditions: Applied to a continuous numerical feature.; Requires knowing the minimum and maximum values of the feature.; The maximum and minimum values must not be equal (to avoid division by zero).