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The births flow is calculated by multiplying the current deer population (stock) by the birth fraction parameter. Mathematically, this is expressed as $Births = Deer \times Birth\_fraction$.

Conditions: The model assumes births are proportional to the current population.; The birth fraction is a constant parameter representing the proportion of the population giving birth per time period.

The births flow is calculated by multiplying the current deer population (stock) by the birth fraction parameter. Mathematically, this is expressed as $Births = Deer \times Birth\_fraction$.

Conditions: The model assumes births are proportional to the current population.; The birth fraction is a constant parameter representing the proportion of the population giving birth per time period.