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Answers for “沿方向 w=(a,b) 的方向导数公式是什么?”

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Meet the concept

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The directional derivative of a scalar function of two variables at a point represents the rate of change of the function's output when the input is nudged infinitesimally in a chosen direction. Geometrically, it is the slope of the tangent line to the curve formed by intersecting the surface with a vertical plane passing through the point and parallel to the direction vector.

Conditions: The function is a scalar-valued function of two variables.; The direction is specified by a vector in the input plane.; The step size approaches zero.

Understand why

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The directional derivative is defined as an instantaneous rate of change, requiring an infinitesimal step rather than a finite one. By scaling the direction vector v\mathbf{v} with a scalar hh and taking the limit as h→0h \to 0, the definition captures the local slope along that specific direction. Using the full vector v\mathbf{v} alone would represent a finite displacement, which fails to describe the derivative's nature as a limit of ratios over vanishingly small intervals.

Conditions: The function is differentiable at the point.; The direction is specified by a vector v.; h is a scalar approaching 0.

Find a method

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For a differentiable function f(x,y)f(x,y), the directional derivative along the vector v=[−1,2]v=[-1,2] is calculated by multiplying the partial derivative with respect to xx by −1-1 and the partial derivative with respect to yy by 22, then summing these products. This yields the expression −∂f∂x+2∂f∂y-\frac{\partial f}{\partial x} + 2\frac{\partial f}{\partial y}, assuming the partial derivatives exist.

Conditions: The function f(x,y)f(x,y) is differentiable.; The direction vector is v=[−1,2]v=[-1,2].; The partial derivatives ∂f/xf/x and ∂f/yf/y exist.

Find a method

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The directional derivative generalizes the partial derivative by replacing axis-aligned displacements with an arbitrary direction vector scaled by a small scalar hh. It measures the infinitesimal output change as hh approaches zero, extending the concept of partial derivatives from coordinate axes to any vector direction in the input plane.

Conditions: The function is a scalar-valued function of two variables.; The partial derivative is defined along coordinate axes.; The directional derivative uses an arbitrary vector direction.