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Why does the integrated cosine series become the sine series?

The integrated cosine series becomes the sine series because integrating the even-power terms x2nx^{2n} of the cosine series produces odd-power terms x2n+1x^{2n+1}. Combined with the factorial simplification (2n)!(2n+1)=(2n+1)!(2n)!(2n+1) = (2n+1)!, the resulting series exactly matches the standard Maclaurin series for sin⁡x\sin x.

Conditions

  • The starting series is the Maclaurin series for cos⁡x\cos x.
  • Term-by-term integration is justified by the DCT.
  • The factorial identity (2n)!(2n+1)=(2n+1)!(2n)!(2n+1) = (2n+1)! is applied.

Reasoning, step by step

  1. Write the cosine series: ∑n=0∞(−1)n(2n)!x2n\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{(-1)^n}{(2n)!} x^{2n}.
  2. Integrate term-by-term to get ∑n=0∞(−1)n(2n)!x2n+12n+1\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{(-1)^n}{(2n)!} \frac{x^{2n+1}}{2n+1}.
  3. Simplify the denominator using (2n)!(2n+1)=(2n+1)!(2n)!(2n+1) = (2n+1)! to obtain ∑n=0∞(−1)n(2n+1)!x2n+1\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{(-1)^n}{(2n+1)!} x^{2n+1}.
  4. Compare this result to the known Maclaurin series for sin⁡x\sin x, which is ∑n=0∞(−1)n(2n+1)!x2n+1\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{(-1)^n}{(2n+1)!} x^{2n+1}.
  5. Conclude that the integrated series is exactly the sine series.

Example

The speaker says this power series is recognizable as the power series for sine of x.

Common misconceptions

  • Assuming that the derivative of the cosine series is the sine series, rather than the integral.
  • Forgetting the alternating sign (−1)n(-1)^n when comparing the integrated series to the sine series.

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