What would you like to understand?

When solving $f_W = \sigma f$ with respect to $W$, the variable $t$ is treated as a parameter. Therefore, the 'constant' of integration can be any function of $t$, denoted as $\varphi(t)$.

Conditions: The equation is solved with respect to $W$.; $t$ is held fixed during the integration.

When solving $f_W = \sigma f$ with respect to $W$, the variable $t$ is treated as a parameter. Therefore, the 'constant' of integration can be any function of $t$, denoted as $\varphi(t)$.

Conditions: The equation is solved with respect to $W$.; $t$ is held fixed during the integration.

The equation $f_W = \sigma f$ is treated as an ordinary differential equation because it involves differentiation only with respect to $W$, and the variable $t$ does not appear in the derivative structure, acting merely as a parameter.

Conditions: $\sigma$ is a constant.; The equation is considered with respect to $W$ while $t$ is held fixed.

The equation $f_W = \sigma f$ is treated as an ordinary differential equation because it involves differentiation only with respect to $W$, and the variable $t$ does not appear in the derivative structure, acting merely as a parameter.

Conditions: $\sigma$ is a constant.; The equation is considered with respect to $W$ while $t$ is held fixed.